UpdateStar is compatible with Windows platforms. UpdateStar has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with Windows 10, 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, 2008, and Windows XP, 32 bit and 64 bit editions. Simply double-click the downloaded file to install it. UpdateStar Free and UpdateStar Premium come with the same installer. UpdateStar includes such as English, German, French, Italian, Hungarian, Russian and. You can choose your language settings from within the program.
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. RIPPLY3 is a retinoic acid-inducible repressor required for setting the borders of the pre-placodal ectoderm. 2012 Mar;139(6):1213-24 Retinoic acid signaling is a major component of the neural posteriorizing process in vertebrate development. Here, we identify a new role for the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in the anterior of the embryo, where RAR regulates Fgf8 expression and formation of the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE). RARα2 signaling induces key pre-placodal genes and establishes the posterolateral borders of the PPE. RAR signaling upregulates two important genes, Tbx1 and Ripply3, during early PPE development. In the absence of RIPPLY3, TBX1 is required for the expression of Fgf8 and hence, PPE formation.
Whitesnake their 1974 sequel rocketed 20 behind firepower. Salt-N-Pepa exhibited a lot of growth on Blacks' Magic (1990), their third album and, by far, best to date. For their follow-up, Very Necessary, released a long three and a half years later, in 1993, the ladies delivered a fairly similar album. Like its predecessor, Very Necessary boasts a pair of major hits ('Whatta Man,'.
In the presence of RIPPLY3, TBX1 acts as a transcriptional repressor, and functions to restrict the positional expression of Fgf8, a key regulator of PPE gene expression. These results establish a novel role for RAR as a regulator of spatial patterning of the PPE through Tbx1 and RIPPLY3.
Moreover, we demonstrate that Ripply3, acting downstream of RAR signaling, is a key player in establishing boundaries in the PPE. PMID: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA. Alp, an arthropod-associated outer membrane protein of Borrelia species that cause relapsing fever. Infect Immun. 2012 May;80(5):1881-90 Borrelia hermsii and other relapsing fever (RF) species are noted for their highly polymorphic surface antigens, the variable major proteins (VMP).
Less is known about other surface proteins of these pathogens in either their vertebrate reservoirs or arthropod vectors. To further characterize these proteins, we elicited antibodies against VMP-less cells, noted antibody reactions against whole cells and cell components, and then subjected selected antigens to mass spectroscopy for amino acid sequencing for comparison against a B. Hermsii genome database. One of the derived monoclonal antibodies, H0120, agglutinated spirochetes, and in Western blot analyses, it bound to a 14-kDa protein of whole cells and their membrane fractions but not after protease treatment. A search of open reading frames of the B. Hermsii genome with extracted peptides identified the 14-kDa protein with bha128, a 453-nucleotide gene of the 175-kb linear plasmid.
The bha128 gene was synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein product was bound by antibody H0120. Genes homologous to bha128 occur in the RF species Borrelia turicatae, B. Duttonii, and B. Recurrentis but not in Lyme disease Borrelia species or other organisms. The following findings indicated an association of BHA128, renamed Alp, with the tick environment: (i) Alp was produced at higher levels at 23°C than at 34 °C; (ii) almost all spirochetes in tick salivary glands were bound by the H0120 antibody, but only ~1% of spirochetes in the blood of infected mice were bound; and (iii) infected mice produced antibodies to several B.
Hermsii antigens but not detectably to native or recombinant Alp. PMID: School of Medicine, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Irvine, CA, USA. Anamin@uci.edu Temporal pattern and costs of rehospitalization in atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter patients with one or more additional risk factors. 2012;15(3):548-55 The ATHENA study showed that use of dronedarone reduced rates of first cardiovascular (CV) hospitalization in atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) patients. AF is associated with high costs to payers, which are driven by high rates of hospitalization. This retrospective cohort study examined readmission patterns and costs to US payers in real-world AF/AFL patients with ≥1 additional risk factor (ARF). PMID: Department of Cognitive Science and the Institute of Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Rdluce@uci.edu Predictions about bisymmetry and cross-modal matches from global theories of subjective intensities. 2012 Apr;119(2):373-87 The article first summarizes the assumptions of Luce (2004, 2008) for inherently binary (2-D) stimuli (e.g., the ears and eyes) that lead to a 'p-additive,' order-preserving psychophysical representation. Next, a somewhat parallel theory for unary (1-D) signals is developed for intensity attributes such as linear extent, vibration to finger, and money. The 3rd section studies the property of bisymmetry in these 2 cases. For the 2-D case and the nontrivial p-additive forms, Proposition 3 shows that bisymmetry implies commutativity of the presentations.
Bisymmetry has been empirically well sustained, whereas commutativity has been rejected for loudness, brightness, and perceived contrast, thus implying that pure additivity must obtain in the 2-D context. By contrast, bisymmetry and commutativity are automatically satisfied by the p-additive 1-D theory. The 4th section explores the resulting complex of cross-modal predictions. For the additive 1-D case and the 2-D case, the predictions are power functions. For the nonadditive 1-D cases, other relations are predicted (see Table 2).
Some parameter estimation issues are taken up in Appendices B and C. PMID: Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Exposure of the dorsal root ganglion to pulsed radiofrequency current in a neuropathic pain model of peripheral nerve injury. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;851:275-84 The spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain in rats, as originally described by Kim and Chung (Pain 50:355-363, 1992), provides an excellent venue to study the antinociception and modulation effects of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) current in pain processing.
We describe the procedure of application of PRF current near the exposed L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in rats with L5 spinal nerve ligation injury-induced behavioral hypersensitivity. This method employs the direct visualization of the L5 DRG, allowing for confirmation of the location of the PRF probe adjacent to the DRG. PMID: Reeve-Irvine Research Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. Ksharp@uci.edu A rat chronic pain model of spinal cord contusion injury.
Methods Mol Biol. 2012;851:195-203 Spinal cord injury-induced pain is a common clinical problem affecting adversely the quality of daily lives of spinal cord injured patients. Management with current pain medications can only lead to partial pain relief in some spinal cord injured patients, which is usually associated with unfavorable side effects.
Development of specific medications for spinal cord injury-induced pain states relies on identification of new targets and/or pathways that contribute to chronic pain development post injury. We describe here the generation of a spinal cord contusion injury model that mimics the etiology and phenotypes of chronic pain states in spinal cord injured patients.
Therefore, this model can be a useful tool for studying spinal cord injury mechanisms, functional recovery, research, and development of new medications for better functional and symptomatic improvements, including pain management. PMID: Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. Error 1404 Could Not Delete Key Software Classes. Lhavton@uci.edu A lumbosacral ventral root avulsion injury and repair model for studies of neuropathic pain in rats. Methods Mol Biol.
2012;851:185-93 Neuropathic pain may develop after a variety of injuries to peripheral nerves and roots. Most injury models have included a direct injury to primary afferent fibers or neurons. Recently, it has been demonstrated that injury to motor fibers in ventral roots may also result in neuropathic pain. A lumbosacral ventral root avulsion injury results in acute and persistent mechanical allodynia, but not thermal hyperesthesia. Interestingly, an acute replantation of the avulsed ventral roots into the spinal cord results in amelioration of the neuropathic pain.
A detailed description of this injury and repair model is provided. PMID: Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. Zluo@uci.edu Advancements in pain research. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;851:1-8 After the publication of the First Edition of this book in the series of Methods in Molecular Medicine (volume 99 in the series) in 2004, pain research continues its rapid acceleration until 2009, during which it experienced a plateau of growth that likely resulted from the economic downturn started in 2008 (Fig. This rapid growth in pain research could be the driving force for an impressive 66% increase in new randomized, double-blind, placebo-control trials for neuropathic pain medications in the past 5 years compared with the last four decades. Unfortunately, little improvement in pain medications has been obtained [1] due to primarily our limited understanding of mechanisms mediating different pain states, especially that for chronic pain.
It is highly possible that the growth in pain research will continue for decades to come due to three main reasons. First, there is an urgent need for more efficacious and safer pain medications that are necessary for better and individualized pain management. The increase in life expectancy of the general population and patients due to improvements in quality of health care and medicine is likely to increase the demand for better pain medications for improving the quality of daily life of those living with pain. It is estimated that the continuous increase in percentage of patients suffering from chronic pain (pain conditions lasting more than 6 months) arranges from 11 to 47% between 40 and 75 years of age [2], which will inevitably and continually increase the demand for better pain medications.
Second, the cost of pain conditions to our society is high, estimated $55 billion per year in loss of productivity from full-time workers alone [3], so better pain management can significantly help economic growth and stability. Third, the swift advancement in technologies and our better understanding of sensory circuitries and pain pathways serves as a driving force for timely drug discovery research and development at an unprecedented pace to meet the demand for better pain medications. PMID: Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA. Arc mRNA docks precisely at the base of individual dendritic spines indicating the existence of a specialized microdomain for synapse-specific mRNA translation. J Comp Neurol.
2012 Oct 1;520(14):3105-19 Arc (aka Arg 3.1) is induced by neural activity and learning experience. Arc mRNA is rapidly exported into dendrites where it localizes near activated synapses. By imaging green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged mRNA in living neurons in culture, we show that fusion transcripts containing the Arc 30'UTR (untranslated region) localize with remarkable precision in a microdomain at the base of dendritic spines.
Transcripts with the Arc 30'UTR that encode a reporter protein rather than Arc show precise localization. Localization persists in the presence of translation inhibitors, indicating that localization does not require ongoing translation.
Similarly, polyribosome complexes remained stably positioned at spine bases in brain tissue treated with the translation inhibitor (puromycin) that releases ribosomes from mRNA. Single particle tracking revealed that Arc mRNA particles positioned at spine bases exhibited highly constrained submicron movements. These observations imply the existence of a microdomain at the spine base where Arc mRNA docks in association with a previously unknown mRNA-binding structural element. PMID: Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA. Asepehr2@gmail.com The Persian woman's face: a photogrammetric analysis.
Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2012 Jun;36(3):687-91 The aim of this study was to establish normative quantitative anthropometric measurements of the Persian woman's face and assess differences from established North American White women's measurements. PMID: Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Nstaimer@uci.edu Glutathione peroxidase inhibitory assay for electrophilic pollutants in diesel exhaust and tobacco smoke.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Apr;403(2):431-41 We developed a rapid kinetic bioassay demonstrating the inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1) by organic electrophilic pollutants, such as acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and p-benzoquinone, that are frequently found as components of tobacco smoke, diesel exhaust, and other combustion sources. In a complementary approach, we applied a high-resolution proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer to monitor in real-time the generation of electrophilic volatile carbonyls in cigarette smoke. The new bioassay uses the important antioxidant selenoenzyme GPx-1, immobilized to 96-well microtiter plates, as a probe. The selenocysteine bearing subunits of the enzyme's catalytic site are viewed as cysteine analogues and are vulnerable to electrophilic attack by compounds with conjugated carbonyl systems. The immobilization of GPx-1 to microtiter plate wells enabled facile removal of excess reactive inhibitory compounds after incubation with electrophilic chemicals or aqueous extracts of air samples derived from different sources.
The inhibitory response of cigarette smoke and diesel exhaust particle extracts were compared with chemical standards of a group of electrophilic carbonyls and the arylating p-benzoquinone. GPx-1 activity was directly inactivated by millimolar concentrations of highly reactive electrophilic chemicals (including acrolein, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and p-benzoquinone) and extracts of diesel and cigarette smoke. We conclude that the potential of air pollutant components to generate oxidative stress may be, in part, a result of electrophile-derived covalent modifications of enzymes involved in the cytosolic antioxidant defense. PMID: Department of Dermatology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Smoking and the skin.
Int J Dermatol. 2012 Mar;51(3):250-62 Cigarette smoking has been associated with significant morbidity affecting all systems of the body, including the integumentary system. We review the many dermatologic hazards of tobacco use.
It is important to distinguish between the effects of tobacco smoke from effects of pure nicotine on the skin. All skin cells express several subtypes of the nicotinic class of acetylcholine receptors, including the α7 receptor. Many chronic dermatoses are affected by smoking either negatively or positively. Elucidation of positive associations with a particular disease can lead to improvement from smoking cessation, whereas inverse correlation may lead to development of a disease-specific treatment with nicotinergic agonists. PMID: Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, CA, USA. Functional metagenomics reveals previously unrecognized diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in gulls. Front Microbiol.
2011;2:238 Wildlife may facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) between human-dominated habitats and the surrounding environment. Here, we use functional metagenomics to survey the diversity and genomic context of AR genes in gulls. Using this approach, we found a variety of AR genes not previously detected in gulls and wildlife, including class A and C β-lactamases as well as six tetracycline resistance gene types. An analysis of the flanking sequences indicates that most of these genes are present in Enterobacteriaceae and various Gram-positive bacteria.
In addition to finding known gene types, we detected 31 previously undescribed AR genes. These undescribed genes include one most similar to an uncharacterized gene in Verrucomicrobium and another to a putative DNA repair protein in Lactobacillus. Overall, the study more than doubled the number of clinically relevant AR gene types known to be carried by gulls or by wildlife in general. Together with the propensity of gulls to visit human-dominated habitats, this high diversity of AR gene types suggests that gulls could facilitate the spread of AR. PMID: Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine. MALTREATED CHILDREN'S ABILITY TO ESTIMATE TEMPORAL LOCATION AND NUMEROSITY OF PLACEMENT CHANGES AND COURT VISITS.
Psychol Public Policy Law. 2012 Feb 1;18(1):79-104 Research examining children's temporal knowledge has tended to utilize brief temporal intervals and singular, neutral events, and is not readily generalizable to legal settings in which maltreated children are asked temporal questions about salient, repeated abuse that often occurred in the distant past. To understand how well maltreated children can describe temporal location and numerosity of documented, personal experiences, we assessed 167 6- to 10-year-old maltreated children's temporal memory for changes in their living arrangements and prior visits to court. Small percentages of children were capable of providing exact temporal location information (age, month, or season) regarding their first or last placement or court experience, or numerosities for placements or court visits.
Greater knowledge of current temporal locations did not predict better performance. However, older children's performance for several temporal judgments was better than chance, and their reports were not largely discrepant from the truth.
Findings suggest caution when questioning maltreated children about when and how many times prior events occurred. Download Captain Tsubasa J Full Episode Sub Indo. PMID: Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Orange, California, United States of America. Kava components down-regulate expression of AR and AR splice variants and reduce growth in patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts in mice. 2012;7(2):e31213 Men living in Fiji and drinking kava have low incidence of prostate cancer (PCa). However, the PCa incidence among Fijian men who had migrated to Australia, increased by 5.1-fold.
We therefore examined the potential effects of kava root extracts and its active components (kavalactones and flavokawains) on PCa growth and androgen receptor (AR) expression. PCa cell lines (LNCaP, LAPC-4, 22Rv1, C4-2B, DU145 and PC-3) with different AR expression, and a transformed prostate myofibroblast cell line (WPMY-1), were treated with a commercial kava extract, kavalactones (kawain, 5'6'-dehydrokawain, yangonin, methysticin) and flavokawain B. Expression of AR and its target genes (PSA and TMPRSS2) was examined. Two novel patient-derived PCa xenograft models from high grade PCa specimens were established by implanting the specimens into nude mice and passing tumor pieces through subcutaneous injection in nude mice, and then treated with kava extract and flavokawain B to examine their effects on tumor growth, AR expression and serum PSA levels. The kava extract and flavokawain B effectively down-regulated the expression of both the full-length AR and AR splice variants. The kava extract and kavalactones accelerated AR protein degradation, while flavokawain B inhibited AR mRNA transcription via decreasing Sp1 expression and the binding of Sp1 to the AR promoter. The kava root extract and flavokawain B reduce tumor growth, AR expression in tumor tissues and levels of serum PSA in the patient-derived PCa xenograft models.
These results suggest a potential usefulness of a safe kava product or its active components for prevention and treatment of advanced PCa by targeting AR. PMID: Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California at Irvine, 92697, USA.
MtDNA lineage analysis of mouse L-cell lines reveals the accumulation of multiple mtDNA mutants and intermolecular recombination. 2012 Feb 15;26(4):384-94 The role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and mtDNA recombination in cancer cell proliferation and developmental biology remains controversial. While analyzing the mtDNAs of several mouse L cell lines, we discovered that every cell line harbored multiple mtDNA mutants. These included four missense mutations, two frameshift mutations, and one tRNA homopolymer expansion. The LA9 cell lines lacked wild-type mtDNAs but harbored a heteroplasmic mixture of mtDNAs, each with a different combination of these variants. We isolated each of the mtDNAs in a separate cybrid cell line. This permitted determination of the linkage phase of each mtDNA and its physiological characteristics.
All of the polypeptide mutations inhibited their oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. However, they also increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the level of ROS production was proportional to the cellular proliferation rate. By comparing the mtDNA haplotypes of the different cell lines, we were able to reconstruct the mtDNA mutational history of the L-L929 cell line.
This revealed that every heteroplasmic L-cell line harbored a mtDNA that had been generated by intracellular mtDNA homologous recombination. Therefore, deleterious mtDNA mutations that increase ROS production can provide a proliferative advantage to cancer or stem cells, and optimal combinations of mutant loci can be generated through recombination. PMID: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Hklassen@uci.edu New tool for retinal degeneration research. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Feb;53(2):926 PMID: Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. The need for speed. J Biophotonics. 2012 May;5(5-6):387-95 One of the key enabling features of coherent Raman scattering (CRS) techniques is the dramatically improved imaging speed over conventional vibrational imaging methods. It is this enhanced imaging acquisition rate that has guided the field of vibrational microscopy into the territory of real-time imaging of live tissues.
In this feature article, we review several aspects of fast vibrational imaging and discuss new applications made possible by the improved CRS imaging capabilities. In addition, we reflect on the current limitations of CRS microscopy and look ahead at several new developments towards real-time, hyperspectral vibrational imaging of biological tissues.
(© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
PMID: Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine California 92697, USA. A three-dimensional microvascular gas exchange unit for carbon dioxide capture. 2012 Apr 7;12(7):1246-50 For the capture of CO(2) from mixed gas streams, materials for increased gas exchange are necessary. Efficient gas exchange systems already exist in the form of vascularized lung-tissue.
Herein we report a fabrication technique for the synthesis of three-dimensional microvascular gas exchange units capable of removing CO(2) from flowing gas created using the recently reported Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component (VaSC) technique. We demonstrate the spatiotemporal pattern of CO(2) reactivity in the microvascular gas exchange unit using colorimetric, pH sensitive dyes.
Control over three-dimensional placement of channels is shown to increase capture efficiencies. A computational finite element model validates and explains the experimental observations. PMID: Department of Neurology, University of California at Irvine, Orange, CA, United States.
M.grosvald@uci.edu Dissociating linguistic and non-linguistic gesture processing: electrophysiological evidence from American Sign Language. 2012 Apr;121(1):12-24 A fundamental advance in our understanding of human language would come from a detailed account of how non-linguistic and linguistic manual actions are differentiated in real time by language users. To explore this issue, we targeted the N400, an ERP component known to be sensitive to semantic context. Deaf signers saw 120 American Sign Language sentences, each consisting of a 'frame' (a sentence without the last word; e.g. BOY SLEEP IN HIS) followed by a 'last item' belonging to one of four categories: a high-close-probability sign (a 'semantically reasonable' completion to the sentence; e.g.
BED), a low-close-probability sign (a real sign that is nonetheless a 'semantically odd' completion to the sentence; e.g. LEMON), a pseudo-sign (phonologically legal but non-lexical form), or a non-linguistic grooming gesture (e.g. The performer scratching her face). We found significant N400-like responses in the incongruent and pseudo-sign contexts, while the gestures elicited a large positivity.
PMID: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, College of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA. Tjgarite@uci.edu Obstetric interventions beneficial to prematurely delivering newborn babies: antenatal corticostetroids, progesterone, magnesium sulfate. Clin Perinatol.
2012 Mar;39(1):33-45 Although improvements in neonatal care have continued to result in reduced mortality and morbidity of prematurely delivering newborns for decades, the results of a myriad of obstetric efforts and interventions have failed to reduce the overall rate of prematurity or prolong pregnancy at any gestational age. A few new developments or refinements of established interventions give increased hope for an improved obstetric contribution to the problem of prematurity. These include a better understanding of how best to use antenatal corticosteroids, and the newer options of magnesium sulfate to ameliorate or avoid cerebral palsy associated with prematurity and maternal progesterone administration to selected at-risk populations to decrease the likelihood of premature delivery.
PMID: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, United States. Virus-polymer hybrid nanowires tailored to detect prostate-specific membrane antigen.
2012 Mar 20;84(6):2776-83 We demonstrate the de novo fabrication of a biosensor, based upon virus-containing poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanowires, that detects prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). This development process occurs in three phases: (1) isolation of a M13 virus with a displayed polypeptide receptor, from a library of ≈10(11) phage-displayed peptides, which binds PSMA with high affinity and selectivity, (2) microfabrication of PEDOT nanowires that entrain these virus particles using the lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) method, and (3) electrical detection of the PSMA in high ionic strength (150 mM salt) media, including synthetic urine, using an array of virus-PEDOT nanowires with the electrical resistance of these nanowires for transduction. The electrical resistance of an array of these nanowires increases linearly with the PSMA concentration from 20 to 120 nM in high ionic strength phosphate-buffered fluoride (PBF) buffer, yielding a limit of detection (LOD) for PSMA of 56 nM. PMID: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Climoli@uci.edu Impaired cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis following cancer chemotherapy.
Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Apr 1;18(7):1954-65 A substantial proportion of breast cancer survivors report significant, long-lasting impairments in cognitive function, often referred to as 'chemobrain.' Advances in detection and treatment mean that many more patients are surviving long-term following diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. Thus, it is important to define the types, extent, and persistence of cognitive impairments following treatment with cytotoxic cancer drugs.
PMID: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA. Analysis of prognostic factors for patients with chordoma with use of the California Cancer Registry.
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Feb 15;94(4):356-63 Chordoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the spine.
It is extremely rare and has been studied primarily in single-institution case series. Using data from a large, population-based cancer registry, we designed the present study to examine the outcome for patients with chordoma and to determine relevant prognostic factors. PMID: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Irvine, California, USA. Gdvorkin@uci.edu Chemotherapy-induced toxicity is highly heritable in Drosophila melanogaster. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 Apr;22(4):285-9 Identification of the genes responsible for chemotherapy toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster may allow for the identification of human orthologs that similarly mediate toxicity in humans.
To develop D. Melanogaster as a model of dissecting chemotoxicity, we first need to develop standardized high-throughput toxicity assays and prove that the interindividual variation in toxicity as measured by such assays is highly heritable.